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Aviation Safety: Fatigue management

March 28, 2019 by Forimmediaterelease

In aviation operations, managing fatigue is important because it diminishes an individual’s ability to perform almost all operational tasks. This clearly has implications for operational efficiency, but in situations where individuals are undertaking safety-critical activities, fatigue-effected performance can also have consequences for safety outcomes. Fatigue is a natural consequence of human physiology.

Because fatigue is affected by all waking activities (not only work demands), fatigue management has to be a shared responsibility between the State, service providers and individuals.

A brief history of flight and/or duty limitations

For most workers, hours of work are part of the working conditions and remuneration packages established through industrial agreements or social legislation. They are not necessarily established from a safety perspective.

However, the need to limit pilots’ flight and duty hours for the purpose of flight safety was recognized in ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) in the first edition of Annex 6 published in 1949.  At that time, ICAO SARPs required the operator to be responsible for establishing flight time limits that ensured that “fatigue, either occurring in a flight or successive flights or accumulating over a period of time, did not endanger the safety of a flight”. These limits had to be approved by the State.

By 1995, ICAO SARPs required States to establish flight time, flight duty periods and rest periods for international flight and cabin crew. The onus was on the State to identify “informed boundaries” that aimed to address the general fatigue risk for flight operations nationally. At no time have ICAO SARPs identified actual flight and duty hours because it had proven impossible to identify global limits that adequately addressed operational contexts in different regions.While ICAO SARPs apply only to international operations, many States also chose to establish similar flight and duty time limitations for domestic operations. States generally used the same flight and duty limits for helicopter crew as for airline crew.

The fallacy of flight and/or duty limitations is that staying within them means that operations are always safe. Buying into this fallacy suggests that scheduling to the limits is enough to manage fatigue-related risks. However, more recent SARP amendments related to prescriptive limits have highlighted the responsibilities of the operator to manage their particular fatigue-related risks within the limits using their SMS processes.

And then there was FRMS….

Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) represent an opportunity for operators to use their resources more efficiently and increase operational flexibility outside the prescriptive limits, whilst maintaining or even improving safety. In implementing an FRMS, the onus shifts to the operator to prove to the State that what they propose to do and how they continue to operate under an FRMS, is safe.

In 2011, SARPs enabling FRMS as an alternative means of compliance to prescriptive limitations were developed for aeroplane flight and cabin crew (Annex 6, Part I).  At the time of development, it was necessary to address concerns that airline operators would take this as an opportunity to schedule purely for economic benefits at the cost of safety. Therefore, while often referred to as “performance-based” approach, the FRMS SARPs are nevertheless very prescriptive about the necessary elements of an FRMS and require the explicit approval of an operator’s FRMS by the State.

Since then, similar FRMS SARPs were made applicable for helicopter flight and cabin crew in 2018 (Annex 6, Part III, Section II).

But what about air traffic controllers?

Despite their obvious impact on flight safety outcomes, ICAO SARPs have never required the hours of work to be limited for air traffic controllers even though some States have had hours of duty limitations for air traffic controllers for many years. This is about to change. Amendments to Annex 11, becoming applicable in 2020, will require that ICAO States establish duty limits and specify certain scheduling practices for air traffic controllers. As for international airline and helicopter operations, States will have the option of establishing FRMS regulations for air traffic service providers.

Fatigue Management SARPs today

Today, ICAO’s fatigue management SARPs support both prescriptive and FRMS approaches for managing fatigue such that:

  • Both approaches are based on scientific principles, knowledge and operational experience that take into account:
    • the need for adequate sleep (not just resting while awake) to restore and maintain all aspects of waking function (including alertness, physical and mental performance, and mood);
    • the circadian rhythms that drive changes in the ability to perform mental and physical work, and in sleep propensity (the ability to fall asleep and stay asleep), across the 24h day;
    • interactions between fatigue and workload in their effects on physical and mental performance; and
    • the operational context and the safety risk that a fatigue-impaired individual represents in that context.
  • States continue to be obliged to have flight and duty time limitations but are under no obligation to establish FRMS regulations. Where FRMS regulations are established, the operator/service provider, can manage none, some or all of its operations under an FRMS, once approved to do so.
  • Prescriptive fatigue management regulations now provide the baseline, in terms of safety equivalence, from which an FRMS is assessed.

In practice…

In Airlines:  The Fatigue Management amendments to the Annex 6, Part I, in 2011 led many States  to reviewing their prescriptive limitation regulations for pilots based on scientific principles and knowledge (refer text box) and identifying further requirements for operators to manage their fatigue-related risks within the prescribed limits.  Fewer States have reviewed their prescriptive limitation regulations for cabin crew.

In every case, despite a refocus on providing adequate opportunities for sleep and recovery, altering existing flight and duty limitations remains a very sensitive and difficult task because it impacts income and work conditions as well as the constraints of pre-existing employment agreements. It is made even more challenging for States whose flight and duty time limitations are legislated.

Where States have reviewed their prescribed flight and duty limits, the increased awareness of the relationship between sleep and performance has served to highlight the responsibilities of the individual crew member and the airline to manage fatigue, and in some cases have resulted in the prescribed limits sitting alongside a set of regulations  that make these responsibilities more explicit, e.g. the FAA’s Fatigue Risk Management Program, EASA’s Fatigue Management requirements, CASA’s Fatigue Management requirements and CAA South Africa’s Fatigue Management Program.

The scientific principles of fatigue management

 

  1. Periods of wake need to be limited.  Getting enough sleep (both quantity and quality) on a regular basis is essential for restoring the brain and body.
  2. Reducing the amount or the quality of sleep, even for a single night, decreases the ability to function and increases sleepiness the next day.
  3. The circadian body-clock affects the timing and quality of sleep and produces daily highs and lows in performance on various tasks.
  4. Workload can contribute to an individual’s level of fatigue.  Low workload may unmask physiological sleepiness while high workload may exceed the capacity of a fatigued individual.

Many States have established, or plan to establish, FRMS regulations, often at the encouragement of their airlines. The FRMS challenge for States continues to be whether they have the resources to provide the necessary oversight from a scientific and performance-based perspective, particularly when the same regulations usually apply to a variety of domestic flight operations. While FRMS requirements are onerous and time-consuming, the few airlines who have so far managed to get FRMS approval for particular routes have found the operational flexibility gained to be worth the effort.

General scheduling principles

 

  1. The perfect schedule for the human body is daytime duties with unrestricted sleep at night. Anything else is a compromise.
  2. The circadian body clock does not adapt fully to altered schedules such as night work.
  3. Whenever a duty period overlaps a crew member’s usual sleep time, it can be expected to restrict sleep. Examples include early duty start times, late duty end times, and night work.
  4. The more that a duty period overlaps a crew member’s usual sleep time, the less sleep the crew member is likely to obtain. Working right through the usual nighttime sleep period is the worst case scenario.
  5. Night duty also requires working through the time in the circadian body clock cycle when self-rated fatigue and mood are worst and additional effort is required to maintain alertness and performance.
  6. The longer a crew member is awake, the worse their alertness and performance become.
  7. Across consecutive duties with restricted sleep, crew members will accumulate a sleep debt and fatigue-related impairment will increase.
  8. To recover from sleep debt, crew members need a minimum of two full nights of sleep in a row. The frequency of recovery breaks should be related to the rate of accumulation of sleep debt.
  9. Keep short notice changes to a minimum, especially where they infringe or overlap the  Window of Circadian Low (WOCL).
  10. Duty periods associated with high workload (such as multiple, challenging landings and in marginal weather conditions) may need to be shortened and extensions avoided where at all possible.

In Helicopter Operations:  For some States, the recent amendments to Annex 6, Part II (Section II) have highlighted the need to establish flight and duty time limits for helicopter crew members that better relate to the context of helicopter operations, rather than using the same limits as for airline pilots. Within those limits, the helicopter operator is expected to build crew schedules that use both fatigue science and operational knowledge and experience.

A new fatigue management guide for helicopter operators, currently under development in ICAO, identifies general scheduling principles based on fatigue science to guide helicopter operators in building “fatigue-aware” schedules that offer optimum opportunities for sleep and recovery (refer text box).

The particular challenge in helicopter operations, however, is that so many helicopter operations are unscheduled. While some helicopter operators will be able to operate within prescribed limits and effectively manage fatigue risks using an SMS, many types of helicopter operations, such as those that require unscheduled, immediate responses, possibly in high-risk settings, will benefit from the operational flexibility and safety gains of an FRMS.

In Air Traffic Control Services: Next year, States are expected to have established prescriptive work hour limits for air traffic controllers, while FRMS regulations remain optional and can be established at any time. However, the nature of the relationship between the Air Navigation Services Provider (ANSP) and the State will influence how the implementation of fatigue management regulations will unfold. In most cases, the State provides oversight of only one ANSP and although there is a current trend for privatisation, many of the ANSPs are fully or partially owned by the State.

In an industry sector that is often largely self-regulated, the distinction between a prescriptive fatigue management approach and FRMS may become blurred. However, a refocus on safety and not only organisational expediency or personal preference is likely to have substantial effects on the way controllers’ work schedules are built in ANSPs across the world. This is a “watch this space”.

Fatigue Management Guidance for ICAO States

The Manual for the Oversight of Fatigue Management Approaches (Doc 9966) received another update this year – Version 2 (Revised) – and an unedited version (in English only) will shortly replace the current manual available for download here. On this website you can also find the following:

  • Fatigue Management Guide for Airline Operators (2nd Edition, 2015)
  • Fatigue Management Guide for General Aviation Operators of Large and Turboject Aeroplane (1st Edition, 2016)
  • Fatigue Management Guide for Air Traffic Service Providers (1st Edition, 2016)
  • The Fatigue Management Guide for Helicopter Operators (1st Edition) is expected to be available later this year.

The Fatigue Management Guide for Helicopter Operators (1st Edition) is expected to be available later this year.

The author, Dr. Michelle Millar, is the Technical Officer (Human Factors) and the NGAP Program Manager at ICAO. She heads the ICAO FRMS Task Force and has been involved in the development of ICAO fatigue management provisions since 2009. Her academic background is in sleep, fatigue and performance.

 

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Fraport 2018 Fiscal Year: Revenue and Earnings Increase Significantly

March 19, 2019 by Forimmediaterelease

Fraport

Boards propose dividend increase to EUR2 – Outlook remains positive
In the 2018 fiscal year (ending December 31), Fraport AG continued on
its growth path, achieving new records in revenue and earnings.
Supported by strong passenger growth at its Frankfurt Airport home
base and its Group airports worldwide, revenue climbed by 18.5
percent to nearly EUR3.5 billion. After adjusting for revenue related
to capital expenditure for expansion measures at the international
Group companies (based on IFRIC 12), revenue rose 7.8 percent to over
EUR3.1 billion. About two-thirds of this increase can be attributed
to Fraport’s international portfolio – with the airports in Brazil
and Greece, in particular, making a significant contribution.
Fraport AG’s executive board chairman Dr. Stefan Schulte said: “We
are pleased to look back on another very successful year, especially
for our Group airports around the world. Here in Frankfurt, however,
2018 presented challenges due to the constraints in European airspace
and the strong traffic demand. For the medium and long term, we are
very well positioned both at Frankfurt Airport and in our
international business. Moreover, we are laying the foundations for
further long-term growth by implementing our expansion projects.”
Revenue and earnings targets achieved
The operating result (Group EBITDA) climbed markedly by 12.5 percent
to over EUR1.1 billion. The Group result (net profit) rose even
stronger, by 40 percent to EUR505.7 million. This includes earnings
gained from the sale of Fraport’s stake in Hanover Airport, which
contributed EUR75.9 million. However, even without the positive
effects from the Hanover transaction, Fraport already achieved its
revenue and earnings targets. Operating cash flow slightly dipped by
2.0 percent to EUR802.3 million. This was mainly due to changes in
the net current assets related to the reporting date. After adjusting
for these changes, operating cash flow rose by 18.8 percent to
EUR844.9 million. In line with expectations, free cash flow fell
sharply by 98.3 percent, because of more extensive capital
expenditure for Frankfurt Airport and Fraport’s international
business, while remaining in positive territory at EUR6.8 million.
Given the positive business development, the Executive Board and
Supervisory Board will propose to the Annual General Meeting that the
dividend be raised to EUR2.00 per share for the 2018 fiscal year
(2017 fiscal year: EUR1.50 per share).
Passenger traffic rises noticeably at FRA and internationally
Serving some 69.5 million passengers, Frankfurt Airport (FRA)
achieved a new passenger record in 2018 and growth of 7.8 percent
compared to 2017.
CEO Schulte commented: “We are pleased that the airlines have
significantly expanded their flight offerings at Frankfurt Airport
for the second year in a row, thus improving connectivity and
prosperity for businesses far beyond the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Region.
Until the first pier of the new Terminal 3 opens in late 2021, we
will focus on maintaining a high level of service quality at
Frankfurt Airport – while dealing with the constraints affecting the
entire aviation industry. In particular, enhancing the situation at
the security checkpoints will be a top priority for us.”
In response to strong passenger growth, Fraport hired over 3,000 new
staff members at Frankfurt Airport in 2018. Despite the constraints
experienced at some central process points in the terminals during
peak periods – particularly at the security checkpoints – global
satisfaction of passengers with Frankfurt Airport was at 86 percent
in 2018 – thus even posting a slight increase compared to the
previous year (2017: 85 percent). To provide additional space for
security checkpoints, Fraport is investing in an extension to
Terminal 1 for installing seven extra security lanes in the summer of
2019.
Fraport’s international portfolio also posted a significant gain in
passenger traffic during 2018. In Brazil, the two airports of Porto
Alegre and Fortaleza reported a 7.0 percent increase to 14.9 million
passengers in 2018 – Fraport Brasil’s first year of operating these
airports. At the 14 Greek airports, traffic rose by almost 9 percent
to 29.9 million passengers. Antalya Airport in Turkey grew by a
significant 22.5 percent to 32.3 million travelers, a new historic
passenger record.
Outlook: Growth expected to continue
Fraport is forecasting sustained growth at all of the Group airports
in fiscal year 2019. At Frankfurt Airport, passenger volume is
expected to rise between around two and roughly three percent.
Fraport expects consolidated revenue to increase slightly up to
around EUR3.2 billion (adjusted for IFRIC 12). Group EBITDA is
expected to reach a range of around EUR1,160 million and
approximately EUR1,195 million, despite the non-recurring revenue
from the sale of Fraport’s stake in Hanover Airport. The application
of the IFRS 16 accounting standard – which changes the accounting
rules for leases – will not only make a positive contribution to
Group EBITDA, but will also lead to much higher depreciation and
amortization in fiscal year 2019. As a result, Fraport expects Group
EBIT to be in the range of about EUR685 million and around EUR725
million. The company also expects to post a Group result (net profit)
of around EUR420 million and about EUR460 million. The dividend per
share is expected to remain stable at the higher level of EUR2 for
the 2019 fiscal year.
Fraport’s four business segments at a glance
Revenue in the Aviation segment increased by 5.5 percent to slightly
over EUR1 billion. This was due partly to higher revenue from airport
charges resulting from increased passenger traffic at Frankfurt
Airport. At EUR277.8 million, segment EBITDA increased by 11.3
percent year-on-year, while segment EBIT rose 6.5 percent to EUR138.2
million.
Revenue from the Retail & Real Estate segment dropped 2.8 percent
year-on-year to EUR507.2 million. A major reason for this drop was
significantly fewer proceeds from the sale of land (EUR1.9 million in
the 2018 fiscal year versus EUR22.9 million for the same period in
2017). In contrast, parking income (+ EUR8.3 million) and retail
revenue (+ EUR0.8 million) grew. Net retail revenue per passenger
fell 7.4 percent year-on-year to EUR3.12. Segment EBITDA increased by
3.4 percent to EUR390.2 million, while segment EBIT climbed 2.8
percent to EUR302.0 million.
Revenue in the Ground Handling segment rose by 5.0 percent
year-on-year to EUR673.8 million. The strong growth in passenger
traffic resulted, in particular, in stronger revenue from ground
services and higher infrastructure charges. On the other hand,
passenger growth also led to higher personnel expenses at the
FraGround and FraCareS subsidiaries. Accordingly, segment EBITDA
declined by EUR7.0 million to EUR44.4 million. Segment EBIT dropped
considerably by 94 percent, but at EUR0.7 million still remained in
positive territory.
At nearly EUR1.3 billion, the International Activities and Services
segment significantly advanced by 58 percent compared to the previous
year. After adjusting for the EUR359.5 million in revenue related to
IFRIC 12, the segment’s revenue rose by 20.1 percent to EUR931.4
million. This revenue growth received major contributions from the
Group subsidiaries in Fortaleza and Porto Alegre (+ EUR90.9 million),
as well as Fraport Greece (+ EUR53.2 million). Segment EBITDA
increased a noticeable 28.3 percent to EUR416.6 million, while
segment EBIT jumped 40.7 percent to EUR289.6 million.
You can find our 2018 Annual Report and the presentation from the
press conference on our financial statements (as of 10:30 a.m.) on
the Fraport AG website.

MEDIA CONTACT: Fraport AG, Torben Beckmann, Corporate Communications, Media Relations, 60547 Frankfurt, Germany, E-mail: [email protected]

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